白蜡虫优良种虫及种群性比组成的研究

白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)是我国特产资源昆虫,国内产区很多。实验表明各产区繁育白蜡虫的产量与质量差异显著,其中以金沙江下游云、贵、川三省相接壤的白蜡虫产区,繁育的白蜡虫产卵数量多、雄卵比率高、产蜡时间长、产蜡量多,同时蜡虫的产量高,是我国白蜡虫的优良种虫。     

虫害诱导家榆挥发物的日释放节律分析

以家榆为试验对象,分析挥发物的组分与日释放节律,结果表明:家榆的挥发物共有24种化合物,包含有醇类、烷类、酯类和萜烯类等。挥发物的释放存在昼高夜低的现象,在上午时释放量会迅速增加,到中午达到最大,然后在下午、晚上逐渐减少;在由明转暗时,挥发物的释放有一个短暂的爆发。挥发物的日夜释放节律与害虫天敌的活动规律相符,可能是植物发挥主动防御的结果。     

基于GC-MS和电子鼻的面粉中粮虫快速检测方法

储粮害虫会降低粮食及其产品的重量、品质和营养健康指数,并且我国粮虫检测方式仍然以人工检测为主。为满足储粮害虫快速检测的需求,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）获得了赤拟谷盗（Tribolium castaneum（Herbst））的主要特定挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）,根据这些化合物的性质筛选出多个金属氧化物气敏传感器,并以传感器阵列为核心开发了储粮害虫电子鼻检测装置。该装置采集了赤拟谷盗、被赤拟谷盗侵染的面粉、被长头谷盗（Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse）侵染的面粉3种实验对象的气味信息,提取每条响应曲线的相对变化值和相对积分值作为原始特征矩阵（10×2）,使用主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘回归算法（PLSR）对原始特征矩阵进行分析,并通过建立回归预测模型,实现了对面粉中赤拟谷盗和长头谷盗虫口密度的预测。优化后的传感器数量由10个减少至8个,赤拟谷盗样品的两个主成分累计的贡献率为79.4%。基于PLSR的预测模型对面粉中赤拟谷盗的数量有很好的预测效果（校正集：相关系数r=0.88,均方根误差为8.09;验证集：r=0.89,均方根误差为7.75）;该预测模型对面粉中长头谷盗的数量也有很好的预测效果（校正集：r=0.94,均方根误差为5.85;验证集：r=0.94,均方根误差为6.08）。研究结果表明：该装置能够满足判别储粮中不同虫口密度样本的基本需要,并且具有可靠的稳定性。     

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the Cry1Ac gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption, although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.  After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton with a single Cry1Ac gene, growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene (Cry1Ac+Cry2A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.  Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effectiveness of Bt cotton carrying the double gene.  The expression levels of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes were evaluated in the leaves of 10 genotypes (2 parents and 8 F₁ hybrids) at 30 days after sowing (DAS), while samples of leaves, bolls and flowers were taken from the upper and lower canopies at 70 and 110 DAS.  The F₁ hybrids were developed through reciprocal crosses between two Bt (CKC-1, CKC-2) and two non-Bt (MNH-786, FH-942) parents.  The differential expression of transgenes was evaluated through Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).  The results showed that the MNH786×CKC-1 hybrid had the highest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (3.08 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (1.01 µg g^–1) in leaves.  In contrast, the CKC-2×MNH-786 hybrid showed the lowest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (2.30 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (0.86 µg g^–1).  The F₁ hybrid FH-942×CKC-2 showed the highest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (8.39 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (7.74 µg g^–1) in leaves, while the CKC-1×MNH-786 hybrid expressed the lowest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (7.10 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (8.31 µg g^–1).  A comparison between the two stages of plant growth showed that leaves had the highest concentrations at 30 DAS, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed at 110 DAS for both genes in leaves.  When the expression pattern was compared between various plant parts in genotype CKC-2, it was found that leaves had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) at 70 DAS, followed by bolls (Cry1Ac (1.66 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.15 µg g^–1)) and flowers (Cry1Ac (1.07 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (7.99 µg g^–1)).  The genotype CKC-2 had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) in the upper canopy but less accumulation (2.66 µg g^–1 of Cry1Ac, 8.09 µg g^–1 of Cry2A) in the lower canopy at 70 DAS.  Similarly, at 110 DAS, the expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A in upper and lower canopy leaves were 1.52 and 7.92 µg g^–1, and 0.99 and 7.54 µg g^–1, respectively.  Hence, the current study demonstrates that different genotypes showed variable expression for both of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes during plant growth due to different genetic backgrounds.  The Cry2A gene had three-fold higher expression than Cry1Ac with significant differences in expression in different plant parts.  The findings of this study will be helpful for breeding insect-resistant double-gene genotypes with better gene expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A for sustainable cotton production worldwide.     

基于多源信息融合的中文农作物病虫害命名实体识别

随着农作物病虫害研究文献的快速增长,对农作物病虫害领域文献进行文本挖掘变得越来越重要。开发有效、准确的农作物病虫害命名实体识别系统有助于在农作物病虫害相关研究报告中提取研究成果,为农作物病虫害的治理提供有效建议。本文针对中文农作物病虫害数据集缺失问题,提出了基于半远程监督的停等算法,利用该算法构建中文农作物病虫害领域语料库,大幅度减少标注过程的人工成本和时间成本;同时,提出了中文农作物病虫害命名实体识别模型（Agricultural information extraction, Agr-IE）,该模型基于BERT-BILSTM-CRF,辅以多源信息融合（多源分词信息和全局词汇嵌入信息）丰富字符向量,使其充分结合字符级与词汇级的信息,以提高模型捕捉上下文信息的能力。实验表明,该模型可以有效地识别病害、虫害、药剂、作物等实体,F1值分别为96.56%、95.12%、94.48%、95.54%,并对识别难度较大的病原实体具有较好的识别效果,F1值为81.48%,高于BERT-BILSTM-CRF、BERT等模型的相应值。本文所提模型在MSRA和Weibo等其他领域数据集上与CAN-NER、Lattice-LSTM-CRF等模型进行了对比实验,并取得最佳的识别效果,F1值分别为95.80%、94.57%,表明该算法具有一定的泛化能力。     

基于不同平台的小麦病虫害遥感监测研究进展

小麦病虫害的频发不仅会造成产量的巨大损失,病虫害防治农药的过度使用也会提高生产成本,增加农产品有毒残留的风险,而传统监测方法费时费力,具有主观性和滞后性。小麦病虫害遥感监测技术可实现快速、实时无损的监测,从而有针对性的提早防治病虫害。介绍作物病虫害光谱响应生理机制的基础上,重点从不同平台的角度入手概述近年来小麦病虫害遥感监测研究进展。最后提出目前遥感监测小麦病虫害尚存的问题,如对病虫害光谱特征的专属性认识不足、缺乏多种小麦病虫害危害类型的比较研究及病虫害监测模型普适性较差等,并探讨遥感在监测小麦病虫害方面的发展趋势,建议通过综合多时相遥感数据、建立小麦病虫害光谱库、构建全国性病虫害遥感监测信息服务系统以及加强国际间的交流与合作来进一步开展小麦病虫害的研究,从而实现小麦病虫害大面积、实时、科学有效的防控。     

猪圆环病毒重组Cap蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

利用重组杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞中表达PCV2-ORF2基因,并以构建的重组杆状病毒为免疫原,通过杂交瘤技术,研制针对PCV2的单克隆抗体,为建立准确快速的PCV2诊断方法奠定基础。首先将PCV2-ORF2基因克隆到杆状病毒的转移载体pFastBacTM1中,然后将其转化入大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH10Bac中,与DH10Bac中的穿梭载体Bacmid发生转座,通过抗性和蓝白斑筛选,得到重组杆状病毒质粒reBacmid-ORF2,通过脂质体介导reBacmid-ORF2转染Sf9细胞,成功获得了表达PCV2-ORF2基因的P1代重组杆状病毒。将所获得的重组杆状病毒经Vivaflow200浓缩后,免疫6~8周龄BALB/c小鼠,取其脾脏与Sp2/0细胞融合,以IFA进行筛选,经多次亚克隆后得到3株能稳定分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为5H6、4E2和5F7。通过IFA、IPMA及Western-blot试验对3株单抗特异性进行分析鉴定。结果显示,3株单抗均能与PCV2-Cap蛋白产生特异性的反应,并利用流式细胞术初步建立了对PCV2毒株感染PK15细胞的检测方法,从而为快速检测PCV2病毒奠定了基础。     

速生桉人工林与红椎林昆虫群落结构比较研究

[目的]比较速生桉纯林、红椎纯林及两林交界处林地的昆虫群落结构,探讨速生桉人工林对红椎林昆虫群落的影响,为科学合理地规划速生桉发展提供参考.[方法]采用GPS定位样地,用目测、套袋震落、采集鉴定等方法,调查速生桉人工纯林、红椎纯林、两林交界处桉树林和红椎林等4种林分的昆虫种类及种群数量,并分析其丰富度、均匀度、多样性等指数.[结果]4种类型林地共查得昆虫15目74科148种12874头.4种类型林地昆虫群落目数排序为：交界处的红椎林=红椎纯林＞交界处的速生桉林＞速生桉纯林;科数排序为：交界处的红椎林＞红椎纯林＞交界处的速生桉林＞速生桉纯林,种数排序与科数相同;个体总数排序为：速生桉纯林＞红椎纯林＞交界处的速生桉林＞交界处的红椎林.4种类型林地昆虫多样性指数与丰富度排序相同,为交界处的红椎林＞红椎纯林＞交界处的速生桉林＞速生桉纯林;昆虫群落物种均匀度指数排序为：交界处的红椎林＞红椎纯林＞速生桉纯林＞交界处的速生桉林.[结论]速生桉林昆虫物种多样性低于红椎林,交界处昆虫物种多样性高于纯林.速生桉林与红椎林相邻种植对双方无不利影响.     

我国草原虫害生物防治技术应用现状

为了让更多的人了解我国草原虫害生物防治技术应用情况,在查阅文献的基础上,结合我国草原虫害防控工作现状,回顾了草原虫害生物防治工作的进展历程,详细介绍了在推广工作中蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌、类产碱假单胞菌、核型多角体病毒、阿维菌素、牧鸡牧鸭和人工招引粉红椋鸟、印楝素、苦参碱、烟碱·苦参碱等生物药剂和天敌控制技术的研究进展及在草原上的应用现状。最后,总结了近10年我国草原虫害生物防治技术的应用情况,指出我国草原虫害生物防控正在形成由微生物农药、农用抗生素、天敌利用、植物源农药等多种技术构成的新型格局,并针对防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出了对策建议,为今后开展相关研究和工作提供技术支持和参考依据。